6.7 Stages of Career Development¹

Identifying a career or potential career path is an important part of goal setting for college students.  Even if you may not know the specific job or career you want, integrating career exploration into your goal setting process can be helpful in thinking about course selection, and longer term financial planning and decision making.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics indicates that the average worker currently holds ten different jobs before age forty. This number is projected to grow. A prediction from Forrester Research is that today’s youngest workers will hold twelve to fifteen jobs in their lifetime and it is estimated that people will change their career an average of 5-7 times over their lifetime.

Career development is a journey.  It is the life long process of solidifying your work identity and it begins in childhood when you first identify the various occupations that people have in order to make a living, and spans, for most people well into adulthood as you encounter challenges or make decisions about your career and job opportunities.

Employment counselor Donald Super identified five main stages of career development:

Keep in mind that your career development path is personal to you, and you may not fit neatly into the categories described above. It’s more common than it has been in the past for people to change careers in their thirties, forties, fifties, and even sixties.  Your identities and abilities also play a role in the career development process and there are factors of chance that can’t be predicted or anticipated. You are unique, and your career path can only be developed by you.

Career Development Resources in Your College, Community, and Beyond

Career experts say that people will change careers (not to mention jobs) five to seven times in a lifetime. So your career will likely not be a straight and narrow path. Be sure to set goals and assess your interests, skills and values often. Seek opportunities for career growth and enrichment. And take advantage of the rich set of resources available to you. Below are just a few.

Career Development Office on Campus

Whether you are a student, a graduate, or even an employer, you can obtain invaluable career development assistance at your college or university. Campus career centers can support, guide, and empower you in every step of the career development process, from initial planning to achieving lifelong career satisfaction.

Books on Career Development

Going to college is one of the best steps you can take to prepare for a career. But soon-to-be or recently graduated students are not necessarily guaranteed jobs. Staying educated about strategies for developing your career and finding new jobs will help you manage ongoing transitions. The book The Secret to Getting a Job After College: Marketing Tactics to Turn Degrees into Dollars, by Larry Chiagouris, was written specifically to help recent grads increase their chances of finding a job right after college. It speaks to students in all majors and provides tips and tactics to attract the attention of an employer and successfully compete with other candidates to get the job you want.

The following video provides an introduction to the book. You can download a transcript of the video here.

Career Roadmap

You can use the Career Roadmap, from DePaul University, to evaluate where you are and where you want to be in your career. It can help you decide if you want to change career paths and can guide you in searching for a new job. The road map identifies the following four cyclical steps:

1. Know yourself
2. Explore and choose options
3. Gain knowledge and experience
4. Put it all together: the job search process

Plan, Do, Check, Act

PDCA (plan–do–check–act) is a four-step strategy for carrying out change. You can use it to evaluate where you are in the career development process and to identify your next steps. The strategy is typically used in the business arena as a framework for improving processes and services. But you can think of your career as a personal product you are offering or selling.

1. PLAN: What are your goals and objectives? What process will you use to get to your targets? You might want to plan smaller to begin with and test out possible effects. For instance, if you are thinking of getting into a certain career, you might plan to try it out first as an intern or volunteer or on a part-time basis. When you start on a small scale, you can test possible outcomes.
2. DO: Implement your plan. Sell your product—which is YOU and your skills, talents, energy, and enthusiasm. Collect data as you go along; you will need it for charting and analyzing in the Check and Act steps ahead.
3. CHECK: Look at your results so far. Are you happy with your job or wherever you are in the career development process? How is your actual accomplishment measuring up next to your intentions and wishes? Look for where you may have deviated in your intended steps. For example, did you take a job in another city when your initial plans were for working closer to friends and family? What are the pros and cons? If you like, create a chart that shows you all the factors. With a chart, it will be easier to see trends over several PDCA cycles.
4. ACT: How should you act going forward? What changes in planning, doing, and checking do you want to take? The PDCA framework is an ongoing process. Keep planning, doing, checking, and acting. The goal is continuous improvement.

Resumes & Cover Letters²

A resume is a “selfie” for business purposes. It is a written picture of who you are—it’s a marketing tool, a selling tool, and a promotion of you as an ideal candidate for any job you may be interested in.

The word “resume” comes from the French word résumé, which means “a summary.” Leonardo da Vinci is credited with writing one of the first known resumes, although it was more of a letter that outlined his credentials for a potential employer, Ludovico Sforza. The résumé got da Vinci the job, though, and Sforza became a longtime patron of da Vinci and later commissioned him to paint The Last Supper.

Resumes and cover letters work together to represent you in the most positive light to prospective employers. With a well-composed résumé and cover letter, you stand out—which may get you an interview and then a good shot at landing a job.

Your Resume: Purpose and Contents

Your resume is an inventory of your education, work experience, job-related skills, accomplishments, volunteer history, internships, residencies, and more. It’s a professional autobiography in outline form to give the person who reads it a quick, general idea of who you are, and what skills, abilities, and experiences you have to offer. With a better idea of who you are, prospective employers can see how well you might contribute to their workplace.

As a college student or recent graduate, you may be unsure about what to put on your résumé, especially if you don’t have much employment history. Employers don’t expect recent grads to have significant work experience. And even with little work experience, you may still have a host of worthy accomplishments to include. It’s all in how you present yourself.

Resume Formats

Perhaps the hardest part of writing a resume is figuring out what format to use to organize and present your information in the most effective way. There is no correct format, per se, but most resume follow one of the four formats below. Which format do you think will best represent your qualifications?

1. Reverse chronological: A reverse chronological resume (sometimes also simply called a chronological resume) lists your job experiences in reverse chronological order—that is, starting with the most recent job and working backward toward your first job. It includes starting and ending dates. Also included is a brief description of the work duties you performed for each job, and highlights of your formal education. The reverse chronological résumé may be the most common and perhaps the most conservative résumé format. It is most suitable for demonstrating a solid work history, and growth and development in your skills. It may not suit you if you are light on skills in the area you are applying to, or if you’ve changed employers frequently, or if you are looking for your first job. Reverse Chronological Resume Examples
2. Functional: A functional resume is organized around your talents, skills, and abilities (more so than work duties and job titles, as with the reverse chronological resume). It emphasizes specific professional capabilities, like what you have done or what you can do. Specific dates may be included but are not as important. So if you are a new graduate entering your field with little or no actual work experience, the functional résumé may be a good format for you. It can also be useful when you are seeking work in a field that differs from what you have done in the past. Additionally, it’s  well suited for people in unconventional careers. Functional Resume Examples
3. Hybrid: The hybrid resume is a format reflecting both the functional and chronological approaches. It’s also called a combination resume. It highlights relevant skills, but it still provides information about your work experience. With a hybrid resume, you may list your job skills as most prominent and then follow with a chronological (or reverse chronological) list of employers. This resume format is most effective when your specific skills and job experience need to be emphasized. Hybrid Resume Examples
4. Video, infographic, and website: Other formats you may wish to consider are the video, the infographic, or even a website résumé. These formats may be most suitable for people in multimedia and creative careers. Certainly with the expansive use of technology today, a job seeker might at least try to create a media-enhanced resume. But the paper-based, traditional resume is by far the most commonly used—in fact, some human resource departments may not permit submission of any format other than paper based. Video Resume Examples; Infographic Resume Examples; Website Resume Examples

An important note about formatting is that, initially, employers may spend only a few seconds reviewing each resume—especially if there is a big stack of them or they seem tedious to read. That’s why it’s important to choose your format carefully so it will stand out and make the first cut.

Resume Contents and Structure

For many people, the process of writing a resume is daunting. After all, you are taking a lot of information and condensing it into a very concise form that needs to be both eye-catching and easy to read. Don’t be scared off, though! Developing a good resume can be fun, rewarding, and easier than you think if you follow a few basic guidelines. In the following video, a resume-writing expert describes some keys to success.

Contents and Components To Include

1. Your contact information: name, address (note that some recommend not sharing for security purposes, others recommend sharing to be complete), phone number, professional email address
2. A summary of your skills: 5–10 skills you have gained in your field
3. Work experience: depending on the résumé format you choose, you may list your most recent job first; include the title of the position, employer’s name, location, employment dates (beginning, ending); Working for a family business is valid work experience and should definitely be on a resume.
4. Volunteer experience: can be listed in terms of hours completed or months/years involved. Use the same format as that used to list work experience.
5. Education and training: formal and informal experiences matter; include academic degrees, professional development, certificates, internships, etc.
6. Other sections: may include a job objective, a brief profile, a branding statement, a summary statement, additional accomplishments, and any other related experiences

Caution

Resumes  resemble snowflakes in as much as no two are alike. Although you can benefit from giving yours a stamp of individuality, you will do well to steer clear of personal details that might elicit a negative response. It is advisable to omit any confidential information or details that could make you vulnerable to discrimination, for instance. Your resume will likely be viewed by a number of employees in an organization, including human resource personnel, managers, and administrative staff.  By aiming to please all reviewers, you gain maximum advantage.

Remember that your resume is your professional profile. It will hold you in the most professional and positive light, and it’s designed to be a quick and easy way for a prospective employer to evaluate what you might bring to a job. As such, aim to keep your resume to 1-2 pages.  When written and formatted attractively, creatively, and legibly, your resume is what will get your foot in the door. You can be proud of your accomplishments, even if they don’t seem numerous. Let your resume reflect your enthusiasm,  personal pride,  and professionalism. A resume is a “living document” and will change as your experiences and skills change.

Cover Letters

A cover letter is a letter of introduction, usually 3–4 paragraphs in length, that you attach to your resume.  It’s a way of articulating to a potential employer why you are well suited for a position. Employers may look for individualized and thoughtfully written cover letters as an initial method of screening out applicants who may lack necessary basic skills, or who may not be sufficiently interested in the position.

Often an employer will request or require that a cover letter be included in the materials an applicant submits. There are also occasions when you might submit a cover letter uninvited (also called a letter of interest). For example, if you are initiating an inquiry about possible work or asking someone to send you information or provide other assistance.

With each resume you send out, always include a cover letter which describes WHO you are, WHY you are the best fit for the organization and ASKS for an interview.

Characteristics of an Effective Cover Letter

Your cover letter should first clearly state the position you are applying for and how you learned about the job. From there, you want to demonstrate who you are by identifying your successes and what you have accomplished that is in line with the company’s needs.  This may require you to do some research about the organization and the position.  The more you can speak specifically to the job the more you demonstrate your interest.

It’s also important to remember that you don’t want your cover letter to reiterate everything that is included on your resume. Instead, highlight two or three of your skills/accomplishments that are relevant to the job and how you will be effective in that role.

Finally, ask for an interview.  You can say something as straightforward as, “I would welcome the opportunity to speak with you further about my qualifications and experience.”  This “ask” conveys your enthusiasm and confidence.

Job Interviews³

Job Interview Types and Techniques

Every interview you participate in will be unique: The people you meet with, the interview setting, and the questions you’ll be asked will all be different from interview to interview.

The various factors that characterize any given interview can contribute to the sense of adventure and excitement you feel. But it’s also normal to feel a little nervous about what lies ahead. With so many unknowns, how can you plan to “nail the interview” no matter what comes up?

A good strategy for planning is to anticipate the type of interview you may find yourself in. There are common formats for job interviews, described in detail, below. By knowing a bit more about each type and being aware of techniques that work for each, you can plan to be on your game no matter what form your interview takes.

Screening Interviews

Screening interviews might best be characterized as “weeding-out” interviews. They ordinarily take place over the phone or in another low-stakes environment in which the interviewer has maximum control over the amount of time the interview takes. Screening interviews are generally short because they glean only basic information about you. If you are scheduled to participate in a screening interview, you might safely assume that you have some competition for the job and that the company is using this strategy to whittle down the applicant pool. With this kind of interview, your goal is to win a face-to-face interview. For this first shot, though, prepare well and challenge yourself to shine. This type of interview should be treated like a real interview. This may mean dressing for the interview and having a resume in front of you so that it can be referred to. Make sure you are in a location that is free of distractions. Try to stand out from the competition and be sure to follow up with a thank-you note, email or phone call.

One-on-One Interviews

The majority of job interviews are conducted in this format—just you and a single interviewer—likely with the manager you would report to and work with. The one-on-one format gives you both a chance to see how well you connect and how your talents, skills, and personalities mesh. You can expect to be asked questions like “Why would you be good for this job?” and “Tell me about yourself.” Many interviewees prefer the one-on-one format because it allows them to spend in-depth time with the interviewer. Rapport can be built. As always, be very courteous and professional. Have handy your resume and a portfolio of your best work to reference.  Always come prepared with thoughtful questions to ask your interviewer.  These can allow you to demonstrate that you have researched the organization and are taking the interview seriously.

Panel Interviews

An efficient format for meeting a candidate is a panel interview, in which perhaps four to five coworkers meet at the same time with a single interviewee. The coworkers may comprise the “search committee” or “search panel,” which often consists of different company representatives such as human resources, management, and staff. In a panel interview, listen carefully to questions from each panelist, and try to connect fully with each individual. Be sure to write down names and titles, so you can send personalized thank-yous after the interview.

Serial Interviews

Serial interviews are a combination of one-on-one meetings with a group of interviewers, typically conducted as a series of meetings staggered throughout the day. Ordinarily this type of interview is for higher-level jobs, when it’s important to meet at length with major stakeholders. If your interview process is designed this way you will be answering many in-depth questions. Be prepared.

Lunch Interviews

In some higher-level positions, candidates are taken to lunch or dinner, especially if this is a second interview (a “call back” interview). Interviews that take place over a meal are typically more conversational and less formal than the previously discussed interview formats. Prepare accordingly. Brainstorm conversation points and be prepared for a bit more small talk.

During the meal, take your interviewers lead when it comes to ordering food and beverage and also consider ordering foods that will be easy to eat while making conversation. In general its best not to order an alcoholic beverage. Try to prioritize keeping a clear head and maintaining professionalism throughout. A lunch interview, while more informal, is an opportunity to showcase your personality and demonstrate why you may be the best candidate for the position. You are not expected to pay or even to offer to pay. But, as always, you should send a thank-you note/email.

Group Interviews

Group interviews consist of several interviewees and perhaps only one or two interviewers who may make a presentation to the assembled group. This format allows an organization to quickly pre screen candidates. It also gives candidates a chance to quickly learn about the company. As with all interview formats, you are being observed. How do you behave with your group? Do you assume a leadership role? Are you quiet but attentive? What kind of personality is the company looking for? A group interview may reveal this.

Interview Preparation

Review the Job Description

When you prepare for an interview, your first step will be to carefully read and reread the job posting or job description. Use the job description to identify personal and professional qualities and experiences that will enable you to be successful in the job.  Use the job description to also formulate questions. This will help you develop a clearer idea of how you meet the skills and attributes the company seeks.

Research the Company or Organization

Researching the company will give you a wider view of what the company is looking for and how well you might fit in. Your prospective employer may ask you what you know about the company. Being prepared to answer this question shows that you took time and effort to prepare for the interview and that you have a genuine interest in the organization. It shows good care and good planning—soft skills you will surely need on the job.

Practice Answering Common Questions

Most interviewees find that practicing for the interview in advance with a family member, a friend, or a colleague eases possible nerves during the actual interview. It also creates greater confidence when you walk through the interview door.

Audit Your Social Media

Employers are increasingly screening applicants’ social media accounts to gain greater insight into someone’s personality and interests.  It’s good practice to assume that a potential employer will check for any public social media accounts you have.  As such, take a look at your social media and if there is content that you wouldn’t want an employer to see, delete it or change your privacy settings.  Additionally, LinkedIn can be a great supplement to your resume and cover letter so take some time to create an account and establish some professional connections.  For more information on creating and maintaining your LinkedIn profile check out Boise State’s LinkedIn for Students page.

Plan to Dress Appropriately

Interviewees are generally most properly dressed for an interview in business attire, with the goal of looking highly professional in the eyes of the interviewer.

Come Prepared

Plan to bring your résumé, cover letter, and a list of references to the interview. You may also want to bring a portfolio of representative work. Leave behind coffee, chewing gum, and any other items that could be distractions.

Be Confident

Above all, interviewees should be confident and “courageous.” By doing so you make a strong first impression. As the saying goes, “There is never a second chance to make a first impression.”

Internet Sites for Career Planning

Visit the Internet Sites for Career Planning website at the National Career Development Association’s site. You will find extensive, definitive, and frequently updated information.

Citations

1. Career Development. Provided by: Lumen Learning. Located at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/collegesuccess-lumen/chapter/career-development-2/. License: CC BY: Attribution.
2. Resumes and Cover Letters. Provided by: Lumen Learning. Located at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/collegesuccess-lumen/chapter/resumes-and-cover-letters/. License: CC BY: Attribution.
3. Interviewing. Provided by: Lumen Learning. Located at: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/collegesuccess-lumen/chapter/interviewing-2/. License: CC BY: Attribution.
4. Dillon, Dave. Blueprint for Success in College and Career. OER Commons. https://press.rebus.community/blueprint2/. CC BY 4.0.