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Preface
1. Introduction
2. 1.1 Chemistry in Context
3. 1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter
4. 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties
5. 1.4 Measurements
6. 1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision
7. 1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results
8. Introduction
9. 2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory
10. 2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory
11. 2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism
12. 2.4 Counting Large Numbers of Atoms: The Mole
13. 2.5 Chemical Formulas
14. Introduction
15. 3.1 Electromagnetic Energy
16. 3.2 The Bohr Model
17. 3.3 Development of Quantum Theory
18. 3.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms (Electron Configurations)
19. 3.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties
20. 3.6 The Periodic Table
21. 3.7 Molecular and Ionic Compounds
22. Introduction
23. 4.1 Ionic Bonding
24. 4.2 Covalent Bonding
25. 4.3 Chemical Nomenclature
26. 4.4 Lewis Symbols and Structures
27. 4.5 Formal Charges and Resonance
28. 4.6 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds
29. 4.7 Molecular Structure and Polarity
30. Introduction
31. 5.1 Valence Bond Theory
32. 5.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals
33. 5.3 Multiple Bonds
34. 5.4 Molecular Orbital Theory
35. Introduction
36. 6.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept
37. 6.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas
38. 6.3 Molarity
39. 6.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations
40. Introduction
41. 7.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
42. 7.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions
43. 7.3 Reaction Stoichiometry
44. 7.4 Reaction Yields
45. 7.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis
46. Introduction
47. 8.1 Gas Pressure
48. 8.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law
49. 8.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions
50. 8.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases
51. 8.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
52. 8.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior
53. Introduction
54. 9.1 Energy Basics
55. 9.2 Calorimetry
56. 9.3 Enthalpy
57. Introduction
58. 10.1 Intermolecular Forces
59. 10.2 Properties of Liquids
60. 10.3 Phase Transitions
61. 10.4 Phase Diagrams
62. 10.5 The Solid State of Matter
63. 10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids
64. Introduction
65. 11.1 The Dissolution Process
66. 11.2 Electrolytes
67. 11.3 Solubility
68. 11.4 Colligative Properties
69. 11.5 Colloids
70. Introduction
71. 13.1 Chemical Equilibria
72. 13.2 Equilibrium Constants
73. 13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Châtelier’s Principle
74. 13.4 Equilibrium Calculations
75. Introduction
76. 12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates
77. 12.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
78. 12.3 Rate Laws
79. 12.4 Integrated Rate Laws
80. 12.5 Collision Theory
81. 12.6 Reaction Mechanisms
82. 12.7 Catalysis
83. Introduction
84. 14.1 Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
85. 14.2 pH and pOH
86. 14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
87. 14.4 Hydrolysis of Salts
88. 14.5 Polyprotic Acids
89. 14.6 Buffers
90. 14.7 Acid-Base Titrations
91. Introduction
92. 15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution
93. 15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases
94. 15.3 Coupled Equilibria
95. Introduction
96. 17.1 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
97. 17.2 Galvanic Cells
98. 17.3 Standard Reduction Potentials
99. 17.4 Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium
100. 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells
101. 17.6 Corrosion
102. 17.7 Electrolysis
103. Introduction
104. 16.1 Spontaneity
105. 16.2 Entropy
106. 16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
107. 16.4 Free Energy
108. Introduction
109. 18.1 Hydrocarbons
110. 18.2 Alcohols and Ethers
111. 18.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters
112. 18.4 Amines and Amides
113. Introduction
114. 19.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability
115. 19.2 Nuclear Equations
116. 19.3 Radioactive Decay
117. 19.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy
118. 19.5 Uses of Radioisotopes
119. 19.6 Biological Effects of Radiation
120. Introduction
121. 20.1 Periodicity
122. 20.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals
123. 20.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids
124. 20.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals
125. 20.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen
126. 20.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates
127. 20.7 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen
128. 20.8 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus
129. 20.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen
130. 20.10 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur
131. 20.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens
132. 20.12 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases
133. Introduction
134. 21.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds
135. 21.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals
136. 21.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds
Appendix A: The Periodic Table
Appendix B: Essential Mathematics
Appendix C: Units and Conversion Factors
Appendix D: Fundamental Physical Constants
Appendix E: Water Properties
Appendix F: Composition of Commercial Acids and Bases
Appendix G: Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Substances
Appendix H: Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
Appendix I: Ionization Constants of Weak Bases
Appendix J: Solubility Products
Appendix K: Formation Constants for Complex Ions
Appendix L: Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials
Appendix M: Half-Lives for Several Radioactive Isotopes
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General Chemistry 1 & 2 Copyright © 2016 by Rice University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.