Module 14- Les voyages et les transports
Troisième partie: Découvrir le monde, la grammaire
In this section:
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basic negation
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nuances of negation
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one word negative sentences
Basic negation
Negation is a grammatical term for the contradiction of some or all of the meaning of an affirmative (positive) sentence. In English, a sentence is commonly negated by inserting a single negative word (not, don’t, didn’t, won’t, etc.) into the appropriate place in the sentence. In French, a sentence is commonly negated by inserting two words.
Basic negation is formed by placing ne … pas around the conjugated verb. Ne becomes n’ in front of a verb starting with a vowel or a mute h.
Youssef: Tu ne vas pas en cours aujourd’hui, Lili? | Youssef: You’re not going to class today Tammy? | |
Lili: Non. Je ne vais pas bien. Je ne peux pas manger et j’ai mal à la tête. | Lili: No. I am not well. I cannot eat and I have a headache. | |
Youssef: Tu n’as pas de chance! Ce soir, il y a une fête chez Edouard! | Youssef: That’s too bad [literally ‘you are not lucky’]! Tonight there is a party at Edouard’s! | |
Lili: Tu n’es pas d’un grand réconfort, tu sais! | Lili: You are not a lot of comfort, you know! |
In compound tenses, like the passé composé, the ne … pas are also placed around the conjugated verb, which is the auxiliary, avoir, or être. In the periphrastic future, ne … pas goes around the verb aller.
Youssef n’a pas été très gentil. | Youssef was not very nice. | |
Lili ne va pas passer la soirée chez Edouard. | Lili is not going to spend the evening at Edouard’s. |
Note that, in spoken French, the ne / n’ is sometimes dropped. In familiar speech, tu is often pronounced as t’ before a vowel.
Lili: Youssef, t’es (tu es) pas très gentil. | Lili: Youssef, you are not very nice. |
With negation definite articles (le, la, les, l’) stay the same. Indefinite articles (un, une, des) and partitive articles (du, de la, de l’, des) become de/d’ except with the verb être.
Elle lit le livre.
La famille a un chat. C’est une neuve voiture. Elle fait de la soupe. C’est du vin. |
Elle ne lit pas le livre.
La famille n’a pas de chat. Ce n’est pas une neuve voiture. Elle ne fait pas de soupe. Ce n’est pas du vin. |
Nuances of negation
Different nuances of negation are achieved by using the following negative expressions:
ne … jamais | never, not ever |
ne … pas encore | not yet |
ne … rien | nothing, not anything |
ne … personne | nobody, no one, not anybody |
ne … plus | no more, not any longer |
ne … pas du tout | not at all |
Note that ne becomes n’ in front of a verb starting with a vowel or a mute h. In spoken French, the ne / n’ is sometimes dropped. The second element of the negation is usually placed right after the conjugated verb and before the object, as in this dialogue:
C’est dimanche matin. | It is Sunday morning. |
Élise: Alexandre, tu es réveillé? | Élise: Alexandre are you awake? |
Tex: Non, je ne suis pas réveillé. | Alexandre: No, I am not awake. |
Élise: Tu dors encore? | Élise: Are you still asleep? |
Alexandre: Maintenant, je ne dors plus! Avec toi, je ne peux jamais faire la grasse matinée! | Alexandre: Now I am no longer asleep! With you, I can never sleep in! |
Élise: Mais regarde, je t’apporte une tasse de café et un croissant. | Élise: But look, I’m bringing you a cup of coffee and a croissant. |
Alexandre: Non merci, je ne veux rien. Je n’ai pas du tout faim. | Alexandre: No thanks, I don’t want anything. I am not hungry at all. |
Élise: Eh bien, tu es charmant ce matin. | Élise: Well, aren’t you charming this morning. |
Personne and rien are negative pronouns; they may function as the subject or direct object of a sentence, or as the object of a preposition. When personne is an object, it is placed after the verb or the preposition it complements:
Ce matin, Alexandre ne veut voir personne. | This morning Alexandre does not want to see anybody. |
Il ne veut parler à personne. | He does not want to talk to anybody. |
Il ne pense à rien. | He’s not thinking about anything. |
make recording
Personne and rien may be used at the beginning of a sentence, as pronoun subjects, followed by ne / n’:
Personne n’aime se lever tôt un dimanche. | Nobody likes to get up early on a Sunday. |
Rien n’est pire. | Nothing is worse. |
Some of the negations listed above can be combined, as shown in these examples:
Élise: Je ne te ferai plus jamais le petit-déjeuner. | Élise: I will never make your breakfast again. |
Alexandre: Mais Élise, tu sais que je ne prends jamais rien au petit-déjeuner. | Alexandre: But Élise, you know I never have anything for breakfast. |
Ne / n’ … aucun(e) + noun conveys the idea of ‘absolutely no, not a single’ + noun. Aucun agrees in gender with the word that follows.
Lili: Alors Alexandre, Élise est malade? | Lili: So Alexandre, is Élise ill? | |
Alexandre: Aucune idée. Je suis passé chez elle hier soir et il n’y avait personne. Je n’ai reçu aucun coup de téléphone et aucune nouvelle depuis deux jours … | Alexandre: I have no idea. I went to her place last night and there was nobody there. I have received no phone call and no news for two days … |
Ne … ni … ni is commonly translated as ‘neither … nor’. It is used in a similar way as the English expression. Note, however, that in French the verb has to be preceded by ne (or n’ in front of a vowel or a mute h).
Lili: Et moi, je n’ai vu Élise ni hier ni aujourd’hui. | Lili: And me, I saw Élise neither yesterday nor today. | |
Alexandre: Ni moi ni Claire n’avons vu Élise hier. Et aujourd’hui, Élise ne m’a ni téléphoné ni écrit un e-mail. Je m’inquiète. Tu crois qu’elle est partie pour de bon? | Alexandre: Neither I nor Claire saw her yesterday. And today, Élise neither called me nor wrote me an e-mail. I am worried. Do you think she left for good? |
Ne … que is used to express a restriction. It is usually translated as ‘only’.
Lili: Peut-être … Après tout, cela ne fait qu‘un an que vous êtes ensemble … | Lili: Maybe … After all it has only been a year that you’ve been together … | |
Alexandre: Oh, merci Lili! Il n’y a que toi pour dire des choses pareilles! | Alexandre: Oh, thanks Lili! Only you can say such things! |
One word negative sentences
Oui is a ‘yes’ answer to an affirmative question, while si is a ‘yes’ to a negative question. When you answer with si you are contradicting the negative question or statement.
Chez Élise: | At Élise’s house: | |
Alexandre: Élise, tu es là? | Alexandre: Élise, are you there? | |
Élise: Oui. | Élise: Yes. | |
Alexandre: Tu ne m’aimes plus? | Alexandre: You don’t love me anymore? | |
Élise: Si, un peu. | Élise: Yes, I do, a little. |
Non is a one-word negative answer to a yes / no question; pas, by itself, negates part of a sentence:
Alexandre: Tammy, tu es malade? | Alexandre: Tammy, are you sick? | |
Élise: Non! | Élise: No! | |
Alexandre: Tu es fâchée? | Alexandre: Are you mad? | |
Élise: Pas vraiment. | Élise: Not really. |
Rien (nothing), personne (no one), and jamais (never) may be used in one-word answers:
Alexandre: Élise, qu’est-ce que tu fais? | Alexandre: Élise, what are you doing? | |
Élise: Rien! | Élise: Nothing! | |
Alexandre: Qui est avec toi? | Alexandre: Who is with you? | |
Élise: Personne! | Élise: No one! | |
Alexandre: Tu vas me quitter pour un autre? | Alexandre: Are you going to leave me for another? | |
Élise: Jamais! | Élise: Never! |
Both parts of the negative expression come before a negative infinitive.
Demandez aux élèves de ne pas toucher le tableau. | Ask the students to not touch the painting. |
Guillaume préfère ne pas travailler le weekend. | Guillaume prefers not to work on the weekends. |
C’est difficile de ne jamais regarder mon portable en classe. | It is difficult to never look at my phone in class. |