Module 14- Les voyages et les transports

Troisième partie: Découvrir le monde, la grammaire

La Grammaire

In this section:

  • basic negation

  • nuances of negation

  • one word negative sentences

Photo by Edouard TAMBA on Unsplash. Douala, Cameroun,

Basic negation

Negation is a grammatical term for the contradiction of some or all of the meaning of an affirmative (positive) sentence. In English, a sentence is commonly negated by inserting a single negative word (not, don’t, didn’t, won’t, etc.) into the appropriate place in the sentence. In French, a sentence is commonly negated by inserting two words.

Basic negation is formed by placing ne … pas around the conjugated verb. Ne becomes n’ in front of a verb starting with a vowel or a mute h.

Youssef: Tu ne vas pas en cours aujourd’hui, Lili? Youssef: You’re not going to class today Tammy?
Lili: Non. Je ne vais pas bien. Je ne peux pas manger et j’ai mal à la tête. Lili: No. I am not well. I cannot eat and I have a headache.
Youssef: Tu n’as pas de chance! Ce soir, il y a une fête chez Edouard! Youssef: That’s too bad [literally ‘you are not lucky’]! Tonight there is a party at Edouard’s!
Lili: Tu n’es pas d’un grand réconfort, tu sais! Lili: You are not a lot of comfort, you know!

 

In compound tenses, like the passé composé, the ne … pas are also placed around the conjugated verb, which is the auxiliary, avoir, or être. In the periphrastic future, ne … pas goes around the verb aller.

Youssef n’pas été très gentil. Youssef was not very nice.
Lili ne va pas passer la soirée chez Edouard. Lili is not going to spend the evening at Edouard’s.

 

Note that, in spoken French, the ne / n’ is sometimes dropped. In familiar speech, tu is often pronounced as t’ before a vowel.

Lili: Youssef, t’es (tu es) pas très gentil. Lili: Youssef, you are not very nice.

 

With negation definite articles (le, la, les, l’) stay the same.  Indefinite articles (un, une, des) and partitive articles (du, de la, de l’, des) become de/d’ except with the verb être.

Elle lit le livre.

La famille a un chat.

C’est une neuve voiture.

Elle fait de la soupe.

C’est du vin.

Elle ne lit pas le livre.

La famille n’a pas de chat.

Ce n’est pas une neuve voiture.

Elle ne fait pas de soupe.

Ce n’est pas du vin.

Nuances of negation

Different nuances of negation are achieved by using the following negative expressions:

ne … jamais never, not ever
ne … pas encore not yet
ne … rien nothing, not anything
ne … personne nobody, no one, not anybody
ne … plus no more, not any longer
ne … pas du tout not at all


Note that ne becomes n’ in front of a verb starting with a vowel or a mute h. In spoken French, the ne / n’ is sometimes dropped. The second element of the negation is usually placed right after the conjugated verb and before the object, as in this dialogue:

C’est dimanche matin. It is Sunday morning.
Élise: Alexandre, tu es réveillé? Élise: Alexandre are you awake?
Tex: Non, je ne suis pas réveillé. Alexandre: No, I am not awake.
Élise: Tu dors encore? Élise: Are you still asleep?
Alexandre: Maintenant, je ne dors plus! Avec toi, je ne peux jamais faire la grasse matinée! Alexandre: Now I am no longer asleep! With you, I can never sleep in!
Élise: Mais regarde, je t’apporte une tasse de café et un croissant. Élise: But look, I’m bringing you a cup of coffee and a croissant.
Alexandre: Non merci, je ne veux rien. Je n’ai pas du tout faim. Alexandre: No thanks, I don’t want anything. I am not hungry at all.
Élise: Eh bien, tu es charmant ce matin. Élise: Well, aren’t you charming this morning.

 

Personne and rien are negative pronouns; they may function as the subject or direct object of a sentence, or as the object of a preposition. When personne is an object, it is placed after the verb or the preposition it complements:

Ce matin, Alexandre ne veut voir personne. This morning Alexandre does not want to see anybody.
Il ne veut parler à personne. He does not want to talk to anybody.
Il ne pense à rien. He’s not thinking about anything.

make recording

 

Personne and rien may be used at the beginning of a sentence, as pronoun subjects, followed by ne / n’:

Personne n’aime se lever tôt un dimanche. Nobody likes to get up early on a Sunday.
Rien n’est pire. Nothing is worse.

Some of the negations listed above can be combined, as shown in these examples:

Élise: Je ne te ferai plus jamais le petit-déjeuner. Élise: I will never make your breakfast again.
Alexandre: Mais Élise, tu sais que je ne prends jamais rien au petit-déjeuner. Alexandre: But Élise, you know I never have anything for breakfast.

 

Ne / n’ … aucun(e) + noun conveys the idea of ‘absolutely no, not a single’ + noun. Aucun agrees in gender with the word that follows.

Lili: Alors Alexandre, Élise est malade? Lili: So Alexandre, is Élise ill?
Alexandre: Aucune idée. Je suis passé chez elle hier soir et il n’y avait personne. Je n’ai reçu aucun coup de téléphone et aucune nouvelle depuis deux jours … Alexandre: I have no idea. I went to her place last night and there was nobody there. I have received no phone call and no news for two days …

 

Ne … ni … ni is commonly translated as ‘neither … nor’. It is used in a similar way as the English expression. Note, however, that in French the verb has to be preceded by ne (or n’ in front of a vowel or a mute h).

Lili: Et moi, je n’ai vu Élise ni hier ni aujourd’hui. Lili: And me, I saw Élise neither yesterday nor today.
Alexandre: Ni moi ni Claire n’avons vu Élise hier. Et aujourd’hui, Élise ne m’a ni téléphoné ni écrit un e-mail. Je m’inquiète. Tu crois qu’elle est partie pour de bon? Alexandre: Neither I nor Claire saw her yesterday. And today, Élise neither called me nor wrote me an e-mail. I am worried. Do you think she left for good?

 

Ne … que is used to express a restriction. It is usually translated as ‘only’.

Lili: Peut-être … Après tout, cela ne fait quun an que vous êtes ensemble … Lili: Maybe … After all it has only been a year that you’ve been together …
Alexandre: Oh, merci Lili! Il n’y a que toi pour dire des choses pareilles! Alexandre: Oh, thanks Lili! Only you can say such things!

 

One word negative sentences

Oui is a ‘yes’ answer to an affirmative question, while si is a ‘yes’ to a negative question.  When you answer with si you are contradicting the negative question or statement.

Chez Élise: At Élise’s house:
Alexandre: Élise, tu es là? Alexandre: Élise, are you there?
Élise: Oui. Élise: Yes.
Alexandre: Tu ne m’aimes plus? Alexandre: You don’t love me anymore?
Élise: Si, un peu. Élise: Yes, I do, a little.

 

Non is a one-word negative answer to a yes / no question; pas, by itself, negates part of a sentence:

Alexandre: Tammy, tu es malade? Alexandre: Tammy, are you sick?
Élise: Non! Élise: No!
Alexandre: Tu es fâchée? Alexandre: Are you mad?
Élise: Pas vraiment. Élise: Not really.

 

Rien (nothing), personne (no one), and jamais (never) may be used in one-word answers:

Alexandre: Élise, qu’est-ce que tu fais? Alexandre: Élise, what are you doing?
Élise: Rien! Élise: Nothing!
Alexandre: Qui est avec toi? Alexandre: Who is with you?
Élise: Personne! Élise: No one!
Alexandre: Tu vas me quitter pour un autre? Alexandre: Are you going to leave me for another?
Élise: Jamais! Élise: Never!

 

Both parts of the negative expression come before a negative infinitive.

Demandez aux élèves de ne pas toucher le tableau. Ask the students to not touch the painting.
Guillaume préfère ne pas travailler le weekend. Guillaume prefers not to work on the weekends.
C’est difficile de ne jamais regarder mon portable en classe. It is difficult to never look at my phone in class.

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Français inclusif: An Interactive Textbook for French 202 Copyright © 2023 by Department of World Languages, Boise State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.